![]() Mangosteen and Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer's
disease, also known as Senile Dementia of the
Alzheimer Type
(SDAT) or
simply Alzheimer's,
is a brain disorder named after German
psychiatrist
and neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer, who
first recognized the disease
in 1906. Over the past century,
scientists have learned a great
deal about this degenerative and terminal
disease. Alzheimer’s is
the
most common form of dementia, a general term
for memory loss and other
intellectual abilities. Alzheimer’s
disease currently accounts for 50
to 80 percent of dementia cases. In majority
of patients, Alzheimer’s
is diagnosed above the age of 65; however, the
less-prevalent
early-onset Alzheimer's
can have an earlier manifestation of symptoms.
Alzheimer's
is predicted to affect 1 in 85 people
worldwide by 2050. In
the U.S., as many as 5.3 million people are
living with this
progressive and fatal brain disorder.
In
general, Alzheimer’s
destroys brain cells, leading to
memory loss
and impairments with cognition and behavior that may
be severe enough
to affect
work and social life. It also hampers the patient’s
ability to make
critical
judgments and carry out normal daily functions. As Alzheimer’s
progresses, a
patient may exhibit changes in personality as well
as signs of anxiety, depression, agitation,
delusions and
hallucinations. The disease simply
gets
worse overtime and it is fatal. It is now the
seventh leading cause of
mortality in the United States.
Alzheimer’s Disease
Symptoms
The
course of Alzheimer’s
varies among patients but there
are common symptoms. These include confusion,
changes in
personality,
inability to acquire new memories, irritability
and aggression,
language
difficulties, mood swings, and problems with
attention and spatial
orientation.
Usually, these symptoms are mild and may be
mistaken for signs of
aging. In
fact, during the early stages Alzheimer’s
symptoms may not be apparent
to the
patient, family and even health professionals. As
the disease advances,
symptoms also worsen and may include long-term
memory loss and general
withdrawal of the patient as their senses decline.
Bodily functions are
gradually lost so the patient becomes completely
dependent. Ultimately
death
will occur.
The
prognosis of Alzheimer’s
is difficult to assess because the
duration of the disease differs among individuals.
The disease develops
for an
indefinite period before symptoms become fully
apparent. The average
life
expectancy is eight to ten years after diagnosis
but in some cases the
disease
can last up to 20 years. However, less than three
percent of patients
live more
than fourteen years after diagnosis.
Alzheimer’s
Disease Treatment
Once the
presence of Alzheimer’s is
suspected, the diagnosis is normally
confirmed
through cognitive tests and behavioral
assessments. A CT scan or MRI
can also
be performed. To date, the exact cause and
progression of Alzheimer’s
remains
vague but recent research and studies reveal
that it is related to the
development of plaques and tangles in the brain.
There is no definitive
treatment but the symptoms can be managed
through medications,
psychological
intervention, along with the appropriate
services and support.
Regulatory
agencies like the
U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines
Agency (EMEA) have
approved
four types of medications to treat the cognitive
symptoms of Alzheimer’s.
Three
are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors while the
other is an NMDA receptor
antagonist called memantine.
Acetylcholinesterase
inhibitors commonly prescribed for mild to
moderate Alzheimer's
disease
include
Aricept (donezepil HCL), Exelon (rivastigmine),
and Razadyne
(galantamine). Memantine
(brand names Akatinol, Axura, Ebixa/Abixa, Memox
and Namenda), was
first used as an anti-influenza
agent. It has been shown to be moderately
effective in the treatment of moderate to severe
cases of Alzheimer’s.
Psychosocial interventions are typically used as an adjunct to pharmaceutical drugs and can be categorized as behaviour-, emotion-, cognition- or stimulation-oriented approaches. Studies and research on efficacy of such approaches are unavailable and are seldom specific to Alzheimer’s. They generally concentrate on addressing issues associated with dementia. Finally, since Alzheimer's has no cure and it slowly renders patients incapable of attending to their needs, caregiving is basically the treatment and should be carefully planned and managed throughout the course of the disease. Mangosteen
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